Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the psychological well-being of the population, with young people being a particularly vulnerable group. Aim: The present study examines help-seeking intention for mental health problems and associated variables among male and female university students in La Araucanía Region during the COVI-19 pandemic. Method: A sample of 500 students aged 18 to 29 was recruited through non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Help-seeking levels and facilitating or hindering variables were compared by gender. Multiple linear regression models were estimated separately by gender to predict the criterion variable of informal help-seeking. Results: The results indicate that both men and women are reluctant to seek help (formal and informal). Women reported higher levels of psychological distress and greater knowledge about mental health than men. Differences in predictors of informal help-seeking between men and women are evidenced, with social support and negative emotions in pandemic being the only common predictors between genders. Conclusion: The low levels of help-seeking evidenced, and the differences observed in associated variables based on the gender gap in mental health, are discussed.

Resumen: Introducción: La pandemia por COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto negativo en el bienestar psicológico de la población, siendo los jóvenes un grupo especialmente vulnerable. Objetivo: El presente estudio se propuso examinar los niveles de búsqueda de ayuda (formal e informal) para problemas en salud mental y sus variables asociadas en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios de la Región de La Araucanía, en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19. Método: A través de un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, se reclutó a 500 estudiantes de entre 18 y 29 años. Se describió y comparó su nivel de búsqueda de ayuda, así como variables que podrían obstaculizarla o facilitarla, según género. Adicionalmente, se estimaron modelos de regresión lineal múltiple diferenciados por género, con la búsqueda de ayuda informal como variable criterio. Resultados: Se evidenció una renuencia general a buscar ayuda (formal e informal) tanto en hombres como mujeres, una mayor experimentación de malestar psicológico y mayor conocimiento sobre salud mental en mujeres. Finalmente, se observaron diferencias en los predictores de la búsqueda de ayuda informal entre hombres y mujeres, siendo el apoyo social y las emociones negativas en pandemia los únicos comunes entre géneros. Conclusión: Se discuten los bajos niveles de búsqueda de ayuda evidenciados, y las diferencias observadas en variables asociadas, en función de la brecha de género en salud mental.

Abstract: The migration process and adaptation to the host culture present a series of unique challenges for immigrants, which affect their level of psychosocial adjustment. This study seeks to characterise three groups of immigrants. Using an intentional snowball-type sampling, 150 immigrants were surveyed, from Colombia (n = 50), Venezuela (n = 50), and Haiti (n = 50). All were over 18 years and resided in the region of La Araucanía. The participants answered scales of acculturative stress, perceived discrimination, emotions associated with discrimination, acculturation strategies, social support, dispositional optimism, and sociodemographic questions. The data were analysed through descriptive and comparative analyses between groups. Results revealed that the three groups used the integration strategy to a greater extent. However, the acculturation process presented differences according to the country of origin. Thus, Haitian immigrants reported the most unfavourable indicators, while Venezuelans presented the most favourable. These results allow us to understand the migratory process in context, considering particular characteristics of each group, and the conditions of the host culture. Each group presents a differentiated profile that informs how the cultural interactions typical of migration are experienced.

Resumen: El proceso migratorio y la adaptación a la cultura receptora presentan una serie de desafíos únicos para los inmigrantes, los cuales repercuten en su nivel de ajuste psicosocial. Este estudio busca caracterizar a tres grupos de inmigrantes. Usando un muestreo intencionado de tipo bola de nieve se encuestó a 150 inmigrantes, provenientes de Colombia (n = 50), Venezuela (n = 50) y Haití (n = 50). Todos eran mayores de edad y residían en la región de La Araucanía. Los participantes contestaron escalas de estrés aculturativo, discriminación percibida, emociones asociadas a la discriminación, estrategias de aculturación, apoyo social, optimismo disposicional y preguntas sociodemográficas. Los datos fueron analizados mediante análisis descriptivos y comparativos entre grupos. Los resultados revelaron que los tres grupos utilizaron, en mayor medida, la estrategia de integración. Sin embargo, el proceso de aculturación presentó diferencias según el país de origen. Así, los inmigrantes haitianos reportaron indicadores más desfavorables, mientras que venezolanos presentaron los más favorables. Estos resultados permiten comprender el proceso migratorio en contexto, considerando las características particulares de cada grupo y las condiciones de la cultura receptora. Así, cada grupo presenta un perfil diferenciado que informa sobre cómo se experimentan las interacciones culturales propias de la migración.

Abstract One of the factors that influence adherence to treatment are beliefs about physicians., Mexico has little literature on this variable. Therefore, it is necessary to exploratory adapt and evidence of validity about Baeza-Rivera Physicians Belief Scale (2015) in the Mexican population. 528 people from CDMX, Tabasco and Monterrey participated, with an average age of 33.5 years. Participants answered the scale that contains 30 items. An adaptation of the instrument was made and the psychometric properties of the instrument were tested by exploratory factor analysis. The final scale presents two factors, positive beliefs about doctors and negative beliefs about physicians, each with 15 items with factor loads above 0.30. Both factors explain 47.03% of the variance and present good levels of internal consistency.

Resumen Uno de los factores que influyen en la adherencia al tratamiento, son las creencias sobre los médicos. México posee escasa literatura sobre esta variable, por lo tanto, es necesario adaptar y entregar evidencia de validez de la Escala de Creencias sobre los Médicos de Baeza-Rivera (2015) en población mexicana. Participaron 528 personas de la CDMX, Tabasco y Monterrey, con un promedio de edad de 33.5 años. Los participantes contestaron a la escala que contiene 30 ítems. Se realizó una adaptación del instrumento y se evaluaron las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio. La escala final presenta dos factores, creencias positivas sobre médicos y creencias negativas sobre médicos, cada uno con 15 ítems con cargas factoriales por sobre 0.30. Ambos factores explican el 47.03% de la varianza y presentan buenos niveles de consistencia interna.

Resumen Introducción: este artículo tiene por objetivo estimar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Reacciones ante Experiencias de Trato Desigual en Salud de Baeza-Rivera (2015) y establecer si existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre quienes se atienden en el sistema privado y público y la pertenencia o no a la etnia mapuche. Materiales y métodos: participaron 337 personas cuyo promedio de edad fue de 31 años, en su mayoría mujeres. El 57 % reportó ser usuario del sistema público de salud y el 32 % declaró su pertenencia a la etnia mapuche. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio, análisis de confiabilidad y Anova factorial. Resultados: los hallazgos dan cuenta de un instrumento con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas, que puede usarse en población con características similares a la muestra empleada. Además, se observa que existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en función del sistema de salud en que se atiende la persona y la pertenencia a la etnia mapuche. Conclusiones: el instrumento tiene adecuadas propiedades psicométricas que presenta dos factores relacionados, que sirve para ser utilizado en contextos de salud, lo que permite comprender los procesos de salud-enfermedad.

Abstract Introduction: This study aimed to estimate the psychometric properties of the Scale of Reactions to Experiences of Unequal Treatment in Health, from Baeza-Rivera (2015), and to determine any statistically significant differences between those using the private and public healthcare systems and those belonging to the Mapuche ethnic group. Materials and Methods: The Scale of Reactions to Experiences of Unequal Treatment in Health was used in 337 participants (mostly women) with a mean age of 31 years. Of these, 57% reportedly used the public healthcare system and 32% belonged to the Mapuche ethnic group. Subsequently, exploratory factor analysis and reliability analysis using Cronbach's alpha and factorial analysis of variance were conducted. Results: The findings demonstrated that this scale has ideal psychometric properties, such as reliability and factorial validity, and it can be used in a population with characteristics similar to those of the sample population used in this study. Additionally, statistically significant differences were observed between those using the healthcare systems and those belonging to the Mapuche ethnic group. Conclusions: This scale shows adequate psychometric properties, such as the two related factors reliability and factorial validity, and can be used in health-related contexts, thus allowing for an understanding of health-disease processes.

Resumo Introdução: este artigo tem por objetivo estimar as propriedades psicométricas da Escala de Reações ante Experiências de Trato Desigual em Saúde, de Baeza-Rivera (2015), e estabelecer se existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre quem se atendem no sistema privado e público e a pertença ou não à etnia mapuche. Materiais e métodos: participaram 337 pessoas cuja média de idade foi de 31 anos, em sua maioria mulheres, 57% reportou ser usuário do sistema público de saúde e 32% declarou pertencer à etnia mapuche. Se realizou análise fatorial exploratório, análise de confiabilidade e a Anova fatorial. Resultados: se conta com um instrumento com adequadas propriedades psicométricas, que pode ser utilizado em população com características similares à amostra utilizada. Adicionalmente, se observa que existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas em função do sistema de saúde em que se atende a pessoa e a pertença ou não a etnia mapuche. Conclusões: o instrumento tem adequadas propriedades psicométricas, apresenta dois fatores relacionados, e serve para ser utilizado em contextos de saúde, permitindo compreender os processos de saúde-doença.

Abstract Purpose: Negative cultural beliefs about psychotherapy patients represent one of the barriers in the psychological help-seeking and treatment adherence. In Chile today, there is little research about specific beliefs towards this group, and therefore measuring them represents a challenge. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate an instrument to measure cultural beliefs about psychotherapy patients. Methods: A mixed method design conducted in four stages was implemented. First, 32 semi-structured interviews were carried out to identify beliefs about psychotherapy patients in southern Chile. Then, a scale of beliefs about psychotherapy patients (SBPP) was developed and piloted in an adult sample (n = 109). Subsequently, the factorial structure of the new scale was explored in patients of primary health centres in La Araucanía Region of Chile (n = 201). Finally, the validity of the construct was assessed in adults who were not undergoing psychotherapy (n = 361). Results: The results showed the existence of negative cultural beliefs about psychotherapy patients which were included in the construction of the SBPP. The scale had a bifactorial structure (αtransitory situations = 0.81 and αstable characteristics = 0.79), consisting of 15 items with a Likert-type response format, and showed good indicators of validity and reliability on the samples in which were applied. Conclusions: The present study shows the importance of using mixed methods for the examination of socially shared beliefs by the cultural group under study, in order to construct instruments that are psychometrically robust and culturally pertinent.

Abstract: Cultural factors relevant to psychotherapy, although highly relevant, have been poorly studied in the local context, with little clarity regarding the socially shared meanings about this kind of treatment. The aim of this study was to identify beliefs about psychotherapy among adults from La Araucanía region, Chile. Through a bottom up cultural research approach, 32 semi-structured interviews were conducted and examined using thematic analysis. Partici-pants held mostly positive beliefs about psychotherapy itself and its results. However, understandings that could hinder adherence to psychotherapy were identified, as well as negative emotions associated with attending it. Addi-tionally, participants displayed negative beliefs about the psychotherapy delivered in the public health system. These results provide a characterization of beliefs about psychotherapy among adults, and could serve as an input to understand psychotherapy adherence in this particular context.

Resumen: Los factores culturales asociados a la psicoterapia, pese a ser muy relevantes, han sido escasamente estudiados en el contexto local, existiendo poca claridad respecto de los significados que socialmente se comparten sobre este tipo de tratamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las creencias sobre la psicoterapia entre adultos de la región de La Araucanía, Chile. A través de un enfoque de investigación cultural bottom up, se realizaron 32 entrevistas semiestructuradas y fueron examinadas usando análisis temático. Los participantes sostenían mayoritariamente creencias positivas sobre la psicoterapia y sus resultados. Sin embargo, se evidenciaron entendimientos que podrían obstaculizar la adherencia a psicoterapia, así como emociones negativas evocadas por este tratamiento. Adicionalmente, los participantes mostraron creencias negativas sobre la psicoterapia realizada en el sistema público de salud. Estos resultados proveen una caracterización de las creencias sobre la psicoterapia que sostienen personas adultas y podrían servir de insumo para entender la adherencia a psicoterapia en este contexto particular.

Background: Healthcare inequities may hamper physical and mental health. Aim: To examine perceived discrimination in healthcare services in relation to socio-structural and cultural antecedents as well as their effect on psychological processes and health. Material and Methods: Questionnaires on beliefs about physicians, perceived discrimination, emotions and affective states and avoidance consequences in health were answered by 337 child caregivers (85% women) attending preventive health care appointments at primary health care centers. Results: Negative beliefs about healthcare professionals are directly associated with avoidance behaviors in health and perceived discrimination. The latter perception has no direct effects on avoidance behaviors, but it has an indirect effect through negative emotions associated with discrimination. Conclusions: There is an association between cultural, psychological and structural factors in health care. These results contribute to understand the phenomenon of discrimination and its negative consequences.

Abstract: The prevalence of mental health problems among Chilean university students, coupled with the low percentage of those who seek psychological help, is a matter of concern. Cultural, psychological and clinical obstacles have been identified as influencing the process of seeking psychological help, however it is not clear how they affect this particular group. In the present study, the predictive factors of the intention to seek psychological help were identified in a sample of 99 university students from the Catholic University of Temuco. The results indicate that the best predictors of the intention to seek psychological help are positive cultural beliefs about, and expectations of, psychotherapy. These findings show that cultural factors such as socially shared beliefs about psychotherapy, and psychological factors such as expectations, both play a significant role. This provides important input for planning interventions aimed at increasing the numbers seeking psychological help in this group.

Resumen: La prevalencia de problemas de salud mental en estudiantes universitarios chilenos, junto con el bajo porcentaje de búsqueda de ayuda psicológica, son preocupantes. Al respecto, se han señalado obstaculizadores culturales, psicológicos y clínicos que inciden en el proceso de búsqueda de ayuda psicológica, sin que exista claridad de cómo impactan en este grupo particular. En la presente investigación se identificaron los factores predictores de la intención de búsqueda de ayuda psicológica en una muestra de 99 estudiantes universitarios de la Universidad Católica de Temuco. Los resultados señalan que los mejores predictores para la intención de búsqueda de ayuda psicológica son las creencias culturales positivas que estos jóvenes sostienen en relación a la psicoterapia y las expectativas que tienen respecto de ésta. Dichos hallazgos ponen de manifiesto que factores culturales como las creencias socialmente compartidas sobre la psicoterapia y factores psicológicos como las expectativas, juegan un rol significativo, lo cual es un insumo relevante a la hora de planificar intervenciones destinadas a aumentar los niveles de búsqueda de ayuda psicológica en este grupo.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre la satisfacción con la alimentación y la satisfacción familiar, sus relaciones con la satisfacción con la vida de estudiantes universitarios y explorar el rol moderador del lugar donde el estudiante vive, su autopercepción de la salud y de la importancia asignada a la alimentación para el bienestar. Se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra por conveniencia de 269 estudiantes universitarios. El cuestionario incluyó la Escala de Satisfacción con la Vida, Satisfacción con la Alimentación, la subescala de Familia de la Escala Multidimensional de Satisfacción con la Vida de Estudiantes y el primer ítem del Índice de Calidad de Vida Relacionado con la Salud. Habiendo controlado por género y nivel socioeconómico, se encontró que la satisfacción con la vida del estudiante se relacionó significativamente con la satisfacción con la alimentación y, en menor medida, con su satisfacción familiar. La satisfacción con la alimentación se relacionó positiva y significativamente con la satisfacción familiar. No se encontró un rol moderador del lugar donde el estudiante vive. La autopercepción de salud del estudiante moderaría la relación entre la satisfacción con la vida y la familia, mientras la importancia asignada a la alimentación para el bienestar moderaría la relación entre la satisfacción con la vida y la alimentación. Estos resultados sugieren que para incrementar la satisfacción con la vida de los estudiantes, es importante mejorar la satisfacción con la familia en los estudiantes que tienen una mala autopercepción de salud, mientras que mejorar la satisfacción con la alimentación es relevante en los estudiantes que asignan baja importancia a la alimentación para su bienestar.

Abstract This study assesses the relationship between food satisfaction and family satisfaction and their relationships to university student life satisfaction, while also exploring the moderating role of the place of student residence, student self-health perception and the importance students assign to food in relation to well-being. A survey was applied to a convenience sample of 269 university students. The questionnaire included: the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Satisfaction with Food-related Life, the family subscale of the Multidimensional Students' Life Satisfaction Scale and the first item of the Health-related Quality of Life Index. Having controlled for gender and socioeconomic status, it was found that a student's life satisfaction was significantly related to food satisfaction and, to a lesser extent, family satisfaction. Food satisfaction was positively and significantly related to family satisfaction. A moderating role of student residence was not found. Student health self-perception was found to moderate the relationship between family and life satisfaction, whereas the importance assigned to food in relation to well-being was found to moderate the relationship between food and student life satisfaction. These findings suggest that, in order to increase student life satisfaction, it is important to improve family satisfaction for those students who have a negative health self-perception. Likewise, improving food satisfaction is relevant for those students who gave low importance to food in regard to their well-being.

Background: Beliefs about professionals' healthcare may influence healthcare behaviors. Such beliefs are in part the result of the interactions that professionals have with their patients. Recent studies highlight the importance of beliefs about physicians, their effect on health-care behaviors, and the requirement of culturally appropriate tools to measure such beliefs. Aim: To develop and validate a culturally appropriate instrument to measure beliefs about physicians. Material and Methods: Based on a “bottom-up” methodology, a culturally pertinent scale of beliefs about physicians was developed and then validated by expert judges. The resulting scale, with 26 items, was applied to 337 participants aged 31 ± 7 years (85% women). Results: Two factors, grouping 24 items, emerged from the exploratory factor analysis. The first was called negative beliefs about doctors (Cronbach's α = 0.96) and the second was called positive beliefs about doctors (Cronbach's α = 0.95). Both factors explain 70 % of the scale variance. Conclusions: The devised instrument has adequate psychometric properties and is also culturally relevant. It allows the assessment of cultural beliefs about physicians.

The study of how cultural factors are related to adherence to psychotherapy is highly relevant, however in Chile there are no available measures that addresses these factors. In order to develop an instrument culturally relevant for measuring cultural factors associated with adherence to psychotherapy, a three-stage mixed methodology was used. First, 32 semi-structured interviews were conducted aiming to identifying socially shared beliefs about psychotherapy. Second, the Psychotherapy Beliefs Scale was developed and piloted with a sample of109 participants. Finally, the factorial structure, and the scale reliability were tested with a sample of 201 women recruited from several primary care health centers. The results obtained suggest that this scale is psychometrically sound and culturally relevant for measuring cultural beliefs associated with adherence to psychotherapy.

El estudio de cómo los factores culturales se relacionan con la adherencia a psicoterapia es altamente relevante y sin embargo, en Chile no existen instrumentos que tomen en consideración tales factores. El objetivo de este estudio es ilustrar la construcción de un instrumento para medir variables culturales que se asocian a la adherencia a psicoterapia. Se utilizó una metodología mixta de tres etapas. Primero, se realizaron 32 entrevistas semiestructuradas con el objetivo de identificar creencias socialmente compartidas respecto de la psicoterapia. Luego, se desarrolló la Escala de Creencias en Psicoterapia (ECPSI) y se piloteó en una muestra de 109 personas. Finalmente, se exploró la estructura factorial y propiedades psicométricas de la nueva escala en 201 usuarias de centros de salud primaria de la Región de La Araucanía. Los resultados indican que la ECPSI es un instrumento adecuado psicométricamente y culturalmente pertinente a la sociedad Chilena.

Resumo: Objetivou-se categorizar os estudantes universitários com base na associação entre a neofobia alimentar e níveis de bem-estar subjetivo geral (e específico ao domínio alimentar), além da percepção dos estudantes em relação aos hábitos alimentares da família. Foi realizado um inquérito entre 372 universitários do Sul do Chile. O questionário incluiu a Food Neophobia Scale (FNS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Satisfaction with Food-related Life (SWFL), Health-related Quality of Life Index (HRQOL-4) e Family Eating Habits Questionnaire (FEHQ). A análise de clusters distinguiu três tipos de universitários: o grupo 1 (26,9%) obteve as pontuações mais altas na FNS, SWLS e SWFL. O grupo 2 (40,8%) teve pontuação alta na FNS, porém as pontuações mais baixas na SWLS e SWFL. O grupo 3 (32,3%) teve a FNS mais baixa e pontuações altas na SWLS e SWFL. O Grupo 2 se destacou por ter pontuação baixa no componente do FEHQ referente à coesão da alimentação familiar. Os resultados sugerem que estudantes neofóbicos e não-neofóbicos têm níveis positivos de satisfação com a vida, e com a vida relacionada à alimentação, e que a satisfação entre estudantes neofóbicos está relacionada aos padrões alimentares da família, sobretudo à coesão da alimentação familiar.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to categorize university students based on their association between food neophobia and levels of subjective well-being, in general and in the food domain, and their perception of their family's eating habits. A survey was conducted among 372 university students from southern Chile. The questionnaire included the Food Neophobia Scale (FNS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Satisfaction with Food-related Life (SWFL), Health-related Quality of Life Index (HRQOL-4), and Family Eating Habits Questionnaire (FEHQ). Three student types were distinguished by cluster analysis: Group 1 (26.9%) had the highest scores on the FNS, SWLS and SWFL. Group 2 (40.8%) had a high score on the FNS but the lowest scores on the SWLS and SWFL. Group 3 (32.3%) had the lowest FNS score and high scores on the SWLS and SWFL. Group 2 stood out in having a low score on the FEHQ's component for cohesiveness of family eating. These results suggest that both neophobic and non-neophobic students have positive levels of satisfaction with life and food-related life, and that satisfaction among neophobic students is related to family eating patterns, especially cohesiveness in family eating.

Resumen: El objetivo fue categorizar a los estudiantes universitarios en base a la asociación entre la neofobia alimentaria y los niveles de bienestar subjetivo general (y específico del dominio alimentario), además de la percepción de los estudiantes, en relación con los hábitos alimentarios de la familia. Se realizó una encuesta entre 372 universitarios del sur de Chile. El cuestionario incluyó la Food Neophobia Scale (FNS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Satisfaction with Food-related Life (SWFL), Health-related Quality of Life Index (HRQOL-4) y Family Eating Habits Questionnaire (FEHQ). El análisis de clústeres distinguió tres tipos de universitarios: el grupo 1 (26,9%) obtuvo las puntuaciones más altas en la FNS, SWLS y SWFL. El grupo 2 (40,8%) tuvo una puntuación alta en la FNS, aunque con puntuaciones más bajas en la SWLS y SWFL. El grupo 3 (32,3%) tuvo la FNS más baja y puntuaciones altas en la SWLS y SWFL. El grupo 2 se destacó por tener una puntuación baja en el componente del FEHQ, referente a la cohesión de la alimentación familiar. Los resultados sugieren que estudiantes neofóbicos y no-neofóbicos tienen niveles positivos de satisfacción con la vida, y con la vida relacionada con la alimentación, y que la satisfacción entre estudiantes neofóbicos está relacionada con los patrones alimentarios de la familia, sobre todo con la cohesión de la alimentación familiar.

Resumo: Objetivou-se categorizar os estudantes universitários com base na associação entre a neofobia alimentar e níveis de bem-estar subjetivo geral (e específico ao domínio alimentar), além da percepção dos estudantes em relação aos hábitos alimentares da família. Foi realizado um inquérito entre 372 universitários do Sul do Chile. O questionário incluiu a Food Neophobia Scale (FNS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Satisfaction with Food-related Life (SWFL), Health-related Quality of Life Index (HRQOL-4) e Family Eating Habits Questionnaire (FEHQ). A análise de clusters distinguiu três tipos de universitários: o grupo 1 (26,9%) obteve as pontuações mais altas na FNS, SWLS e SWFL. O grupo 2 (40,8%) teve pontuação alta na FNS, porém as pontuações mais baixas na SWLS e SWFL. O grupo 3 (32,3%) teve a FNS mais baixa e pontuações altas na SWLS e SWFL. O Grupo 2 se destacou por ter pontuação baixa no componente do FEHQ referente à coesão da alimentação familiar. Os resultados sugerem que estudantes neofóbicos e não-neofóbicos têm níveis positivos de satisfação com a vida, e com a vida relacionada à alimentação, e que a satisfação entre estudantes neofóbicos está relacionada aos padrões alimentares da família, sobretudo à coesão da alimentação familiar.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to categorize university students based on their association between food neophobia and levels of subjective well-being, in general and in the food domain, and their perception of their family's eating habits. A survey was conducted among 372 university students from southern Chile. The questionnaire included the Food Neophobia Scale (FNS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Satisfaction with Food-related Life (SWFL), Health-related Quality of Life Index (HRQOL-4), and Family Eating Habits Questionnaire (FEHQ). Three student types were distinguished by cluster analysis: Group 1 (26.9%) had the highest scores on the FNS, SWLS and SWFL. Group 2 (40.8%) had a high score on the FNS but the lowest scores on the SWLS and SWFL. Group 3 (32.3%) had the lowest FNS score and high scores on the SWLS and SWFL. Group 2 stood out in having a low score on the FEHQ's component for cohesiveness of family eating. These results suggest that both neophobic and non-neophobic students have positive levels of satisfaction with life and food-related life, and that satisfaction among neophobic students is related to family eating patterns, especially cohesiveness in family eating.

Resumen: El objetivo fue categorizar a los estudiantes universitarios en base a la asociación entre la neofobia alimentaria y los niveles de bienestar subjetivo general (y específico del dominio alimentario), además de la percepción de los estudiantes, en relación con los hábitos alimentarios de la familia. Se realizó una encuesta entre 372 universitarios del sur de Chile. El cuestionario incluyó la Food Neophobia Scale (FNS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Satisfaction with Food-related Life (SWFL), Health-related Quality of Life Index (HRQOL-4) y Family Eating Habits Questionnaire (FEHQ). El análisis de clústeres distinguió tres tipos de universitarios: el grupo 1 (26,9%) obtuvo las puntuaciones más altas en la FNS, SWLS y SWFL. El grupo 2 (40,8%) tuvo una puntuación alta en la FNS, aunque con puntuaciones más bajas en la SWLS y SWFL. El grupo 3 (32,3%) tuvo la FNS más baja y puntuaciones altas en la SWLS y SWFL. El grupo 2 se destacó por tener una puntuación baja en el componente del FEHQ, referente a la cohesión de la alimentación familiar. Los resultados sugieren que estudiantes neofóbicos y no-neofóbicos tienen niveles positivos de satisfacción con la vida, y con la vida relacionada con la alimentación, y que la satisfacción entre estudiantes neofóbicos está relacionada con los patrones alimentarios de la familia, sobre todo con la cohesión de la alimentación familiar.

In order to compare the acceptance of beef obtained from a conventionally bred, cloned or genetically modified (GM) animal by working adults and university students, and to identify consumer segments in both subsamples, a survey of 400 people in southern Chile was applied, distributed by means of proportional allocation. Using a conjoint analysis in the total sample, it was determined that the production technology was more important than the price, origin, presentation or breed of the animal. The consumers preferred Argentinean beef, cut, from a conventional animal, at the lowest price. In both subsamples one segment was sensitive to the production technology, one to the price and one to the origin of the meat. Nevertheless, the proportion of adults who rejected cloning and GM was greater, whereas a significant proportion of students viewed meat from a cloned or GM animal positively. In both subsamples, the groups sensitive to the origin had a positive view of beef from a GM animal. The groups in the subsample of students were differentiated by the frequency of beef consumption. In both subsamples, the segments did not differ in the level of satisfaction with their food-related life.

Con el objetivo de comparar la aceptación de carne bovina de un animal convencional, clonado y genéticamente modificado (GM) en adultos laboralmente activos y estudiantes universitarios, e identificar segmentos de consumidores en ambas submuestras, se aplicó una encuesta a 400 personas en el sur de Chile, distribuidas mediante afijación proporcional. Mediante análisis conjunto, en la muestra total se determinó que la tecnología de producción fue más importante que el precio, el origen, la presentación y la raza del animal. Los consumidores prefirieron carne argentina, al corte, de un animal convencional, al precio más bajo. En ambas sub-muestras se distinguió un segmento sensible a la tecnología de producción, uno sensible al precio y uno sensible al origen de la carne. Sin embargo, fue mayor la proporción de adultos que rechazó la clonación y la GM, mientras una importante proporción de estudiantes se mostró positivo frente a la carne de un animal GM y clonado. En ambas sub-muestras los grupos sensibles al origen se mostraron positivos frente a la carne de un animal GM. Los grupos de la sub-muestra de estudiantes se diferenciaron según la frecuencia de consumo de carne bovina. En ambas sub-muestras los segmentos no difirieron según el nivel de satisfacción con su alimentación.